diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index f405c1b..00c67af 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -99,6 +99,5 @@ Bitmaps emitted to `StateFlow`s are **never eagerly recycled** immediately after
 ## Known limitations / future work
 
 - `minSdk = 35` (Android 15) — intentional for personal use. Lower to 26-29 if distributing.
-- Accompanist Permissions (`0.36.0`) is deprecated; should migrate to first-party `activity-compose` API.
 - Dependencies are pinned to late-2024 versions; periodic bumps recommended.
 - Fragment shader uses `int` uniform branching in GLSL ES 1.00 — works but could be cleaner with ES 3.00.
diff --git a/app/build.gradle.kts b/app/build.gradle.kts
index 5e3c123..26ef662 100644
--- a/app/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/app/build.gradle.kts
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ dependencies {
     // Location
     implementation(libs.play.services.location)
 
-    // Permissions
-    implementation(libs.accompanist.permissions)
+    // Test
+    testImplementation(libs.junit)
 
     // Debug
     debugImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling)
diff --git a/app/proguard-rules.pro b/app/proguard-rules.pro
index 2fb4752..7312d90 100644
--- a/app/proguard-rules.pro
+++ b/app/proguard-rules.pro
@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
 # Add project specific ProGuard rules here.
 # CameraX and GMS Location ship their own consumer ProGuard rules.
-
-# Keep OpenGL shader-related code (accessed via reflection by GLSL pipeline)
--keep class no.naiv.tiltshift.effect.** { *; }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/MainActivity.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/MainActivity.kt
index ab0cca3..7a379a2 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/MainActivity.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/MainActivity.kt
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ package no.naiv.tiltshift
 
 import android.Manifest
 import android.content.Intent
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
 import android.net.Uri
 import android.os.Bundle
 import android.provider.Settings
 import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
+import androidx.activity.compose.rememberLauncherForActivityResult
 import androidx.activity.compose.setContent
 import androidx.activity.enableEdgeToEdge
+import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
 import androidx.compose.foundation.background
 import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
 import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Box
@@ -26,23 +29,24 @@ import androidx.compose.material3.Icon
 import androidx.compose.material3.Text
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
 import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
-import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.draw.clip
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
+import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalContext
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontWeight
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
+import androidx.core.app.ActivityCompat
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import androidx.core.view.WindowCompat
 import androidx.core.view.WindowInsetsCompat
 import androidx.core.view.WindowInsetsControllerCompat
-import com.google.accompanist.permissions.ExperimentalPermissionsApi
-import com.google.accompanist.permissions.isGranted
-import com.google.accompanist.permissions.rememberMultiplePermissionsState
-import com.google.accompanist.permissions.rememberPermissionState
-import com.google.accompanist.permissions.shouldShowRationale
 import no.naiv.tiltshift.ui.CameraScreen
 import no.naiv.tiltshift.ui.theme.AppColors
 
@@ -66,21 +70,47 @@ class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
     }
 }
 
-@OptIn(ExperimentalPermissionsApi::class)
 @Composable
 private fun TiltShiftApp() {
-    val cameraPermission = rememberPermissionState(Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
-    val locationPermissions = rememberMultiplePermissionsState(
-        listOf(
-            Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
-            Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
+    val context = LocalContext.current
+    val activity = context as? ComponentActivity
+
+    var cameraGranted by remember {
+        mutableStateOf(
+            ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
+                == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
         )
-    )
+    }
+    var locationGranted by remember {
+        mutableStateOf(
+            ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION)
+                == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED ||
+            ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION)
+                == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
+        )
+    }
+
+    // Track whether the camera permission dialog has returned a result,
+    // so we can distinguish "never asked" from "permanently denied"
+    var cameraResultReceived by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
+
+    val cameraPermissionLauncher = rememberLauncherForActivityResult(
+        ActivityResultContracts.RequestPermission()
+    ) { granted ->
+        cameraGranted = granted
+        cameraResultReceived = true
+    }
+
+    val locationPermissionLauncher = rememberLauncherForActivityResult(
+        ActivityResultContracts.RequestMultiplePermissions()
+    ) { permissions ->
+        locationGranted = permissions.values.any { it }
+    }
 
     // Request camera permission on launch
     LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
-        if (!cameraPermission.status.isGranted) {
-            cameraPermission.launchPermissionRequest()
+        if (!cameraGranted) {
+            cameraPermissionLauncher.launch(Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
         }
     }
 
@@ -90,28 +120,47 @@ private fun TiltShiftApp() {
             .background(Color.Black)
     ) {
         when {
-            cameraPermission.status.isGranted -> {
+            cameraGranted -> {
                 // Camera permission granted - show camera
                 CameraScreen()
 
                 // Request location in background (for EXIF GPS)
                 LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
-                    if (!locationPermissions.allPermissionsGranted) {
-                        locationPermissions.launchMultiplePermissionRequest()
+                    if (!locationGranted) {
+                        locationPermissionLauncher.launch(
+                            arrayOf(
+                                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
+                                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
+                            )
+                        )
                     }
                 }
             }
             else -> {
-                // Permanently denied: not granted AND rationale not shown
-                val cameraPermanentlyDenied = !cameraPermission.status.isGranted &&
-                    !cameraPermission.status.shouldShowRationale
+                // Permanently denied: user has responded to the dialog, but permission
+                // is still denied and the system won't show the dialog again
+                val cameraPermanentlyDenied = cameraResultReceived &&
+                    activity?.let {
+                        !ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(
+                            it, Manifest.permission.CAMERA
+                        )
+                    } ?: false
 
                 // Show permission request UI
                 PermissionRequestScreen(
-                    onRequestCamera = { cameraPermission.launchPermissionRequest() },
-                    onRequestLocation = { locationPermissions.launchMultiplePermissionRequest() },
-                    cameraGranted = cameraPermission.status.isGranted,
-                    locationGranted = locationPermissions.allPermissionsGranted,
+                    onRequestCamera = {
+                        cameraPermissionLauncher.launch(Manifest.permission.CAMERA)
+                    },
+                    onRequestLocation = {
+                        locationPermissionLauncher.launch(
+                            arrayOf(
+                                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
+                                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
+                            )
+                        )
+                    },
+                    cameraGranted = false,
+                    locationGranted = locationGranted,
                     cameraPermanentlyDenied = cameraPermanentlyDenied
                 )
             }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/CameraManager.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/CameraManager.kt
index 00f9107..51d42ed 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/CameraManager.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/CameraManager.kt
@@ -174,24 +174,14 @@ class CameraManager(private val context: Context) {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Sets the zoom ratio. Updates UI state only after the camera confirms the change.
+     * Sets the zoom ratio. Updates UI state immediately so that rapid pinch-to-zoom
+     * gestures accumulate correctly (each frame uses the latest ratio as its base).
+     * If the camera rejects the value, the next successful set corrects the state.
      */
     fun setZoom(ratio: Float) {
         val clamped = ratio.coerceIn(_minZoomRatio.value, _maxZoomRatio.value)
-        val future = camera?.cameraControl?.setZoomRatio(clamped)
-        if (future != null) {
-            future.addListener({
-                try {
-                    future.get()
-                    _zoomRatio.value = clamped
-                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.w(TAG, "Zoom operation failed", e)
-                }
-            }, ContextCompat.getMainExecutor(context))
-        } else {
-            // Optimistic update when camera not available (e.g. during init)
-            _zoomRatio.value = clamped
-        }
+        _zoomRatio.value = clamped
+        camera?.cameraControl?.setZoomRatio(clamped)
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftRenderer.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftRenderer.kt
index 3258fa8..d170d58 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftRenderer.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftRenderer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import android.graphics.SurfaceTexture
 import android.opengl.GLES11Ext
 import android.opengl.GLES20
 import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView
+import android.util.Log
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer
 import java.nio.ByteOrder
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer
@@ -12,10 +13,16 @@ import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig
 import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10
 
 /**
- * OpenGL renderer for applying tilt-shift effect to camera preview.
+ * OpenGL renderer for applying tilt-shift effect to camera preview
+ * using a two-pass separable Gaussian blur.
  *
- * This renderer receives camera frames via SurfaceTexture and applies
- * the tilt-shift blur effect using GLSL shaders.
+ * Rendering pipeline (3 draw calls per frame):
+ * 1. **Passthrough**: camera texture → FBO-A (handles coordinate transform via vertex/texcoord)
+ * 2. **Horizontal blur**: FBO-A → FBO-B (13-tap Gaussian, tilt-shift mask)
+ * 3. **Vertical blur**: FBO-B → screen (13-tap Gaussian, tilt-shift mask)
+ *
+ * The passthrough decouples the camera's rotated coordinate system from the blur
+ * passes, which work entirely in screen space.
  */
 class TiltShiftRenderer(
     private val context: Context,
@@ -23,16 +30,30 @@ class TiltShiftRenderer(
     private val onFrameAvailable: () -> Unit
 ) : GLSurfaceView.Renderer {
 
+    companion object {
+        private const val TAG = "TiltShiftRenderer"
+    }
+
     private lateinit var shader: TiltShiftShader
     private var surfaceTexture: SurfaceTexture? = null
     private var cameraTextureId: Int = 0
 
-    private lateinit var vertexBuffer: FloatBuffer
-    private lateinit var texCoordBuffer: FloatBuffer
+    // Camera quad: crop-to-fill vertices + rotated texcoords (pass 1 only)
+    private lateinit var cameraVertexBuffer: FloatBuffer
+    private lateinit var cameraTexCoordBuffer: FloatBuffer
+
+    // Fullscreen quad for blur passes (no crop, standard texcoords)
+    private lateinit var fullscreenVertexBuffer: FloatBuffer
+    private lateinit var fullscreenTexCoordBuffer: FloatBuffer
 
     private var surfaceWidth: Int = 0
     private var surfaceHeight: Int = 0
 
+    // FBO resources: one framebuffer, two color textures for ping-pong
+    private var fboId: Int = 0
+    private var fboTexA: Int = 0
+    private var fboTexB: Int = 0
+
     // Current effect parameters (updated from UI thread)
     @Volatile
     var blurParameters: BlurParameters = BlurParameters.DEFAULT
@@ -69,27 +90,33 @@ class TiltShiftRenderer(
     @Volatile
     private var currentTexCoords = texCoordsBack
 
+    @Volatile
+    private var updateTexCoordBuffer = false
+
     override fun onSurfaceCreated(gl: GL10?, config: EGLConfig?) {
         GLES20.glClearColor(0f, 0f, 0f, 1f)
 
-        // Initialize shader
         shader = TiltShiftShader(context)
         shader.initialize()
 
-        // Allocate vertex buffer (8 floats = 4 vertices × 2 components)
-        vertexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(8 * 4)
-            .order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())
-            .asFloatBuffer()
-        // Fill with default full-screen quad; will be recomputed when camera resolution is known
-        vertexBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(-1f, -1f, 1f, -1f, -1f, 1f, 1f, 1f))
-        vertexBuffer.position(0)
+        // Camera quad vertex buffer (crop-to-fill, recomputed when resolution is known)
+        cameraVertexBuffer = allocateFloatBuffer(8)
+        cameraVertexBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(-1f, -1f, 1f, -1f, -1f, 1f, 1f, 1f))
+        cameraVertexBuffer.position(0)
 
-        // Create texture coordinate buffer
-        texCoordBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(currentTexCoords.size * 4)
-            .order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())
-            .asFloatBuffer()
-            .put(currentTexCoords)
-        texCoordBuffer.position(0)
+        // Camera texcoord buffer (rotated for portrait)
+        cameraTexCoordBuffer = allocateFloatBuffer(8)
+        cameraTexCoordBuffer.put(currentTexCoords)
+        cameraTexCoordBuffer.position(0)
+
+        // Fullscreen quad for blur passes (standard coords)
+        fullscreenVertexBuffer = allocateFloatBuffer(8)
+        fullscreenVertexBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(-1f, -1f, 1f, -1f, -1f, 1f, 1f, 1f))
+        fullscreenVertexBuffer.position(0)
+
+        fullscreenTexCoordBuffer = allocateFloatBuffer(8)
+        fullscreenTexCoordBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(0f, 0f, 1f, 0f, 0f, 1f, 1f, 1f))
+        fullscreenTexCoordBuffer.position(0)
 
         // Create camera texture
         val textures = IntArray(1)
@@ -114,88 +141,75 @@ class TiltShiftRenderer(
         surfaceWidth = width
         surfaceHeight = height
         vertexBufferDirty = true
+        recreateFBOs(width, height)
     }
 
     override fun onDrawFrame(gl: GL10?) {
-        // Update texture with latest camera frame
         surfaceTexture?.updateTexImage()
 
-        // Recompute vertex buffer for crop-to-fill when camera or surface dimensions change
         if (vertexBufferDirty) {
             recomputeVertices()
             vertexBufferDirty = false
         }
 
-        // Update texture coordinate buffer if camera changed
         if (updateTexCoordBuffer) {
-            texCoordBuffer.clear()
-            texCoordBuffer.put(currentTexCoords)
-            texCoordBuffer.position(0)
+            cameraTexCoordBuffer.clear()
+            cameraTexCoordBuffer.put(currentTexCoords)
+            cameraTexCoordBuffer.position(0)
             updateTexCoordBuffer = false
         }
 
+        val params = blurParameters
+
+        // --- Pass 1: Camera → FBO-A (passthrough with crop-to-fill) ---
+        GLES20.glBindFramebuffer(GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fboId)
+        GLES20.glFramebufferTexture2D(
+            GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GLES20.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+            GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTexA, 0
+        )
+        GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight)
         GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
-
-        // Use shader and set parameters
-        shader.use(cameraTextureId, blurParameters, surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight, isFrontCamera)
-
-        // Set vertex positions
-        GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(shader.aPositionLocation)
-        GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(
-            shader.aPositionLocation,
-            2,
-            GLES20.GL_FLOAT,
-            false,
-            0,
-            vertexBuffer
+        shader.usePassthrough(cameraTextureId)
+        drawQuad(
+            shader.passthroughPositionLoc, shader.passthroughTexCoordLoc,
+            cameraVertexBuffer, cameraTexCoordBuffer
         )
 
-        // Set texture coordinates
-        GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(shader.aTexCoordLocation)
-        GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(
-            shader.aTexCoordLocation,
-            2,
-            GLES20.GL_FLOAT,
-            false,
-            0,
-            texCoordBuffer
+        // --- Pass 2: FBO-A → FBO-B (horizontal blur) ---
+        GLES20.glFramebufferTexture2D(
+            GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GLES20.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+            GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTexB, 0
+        )
+        GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+        shader.useBlurPass(fboTexA, params, surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight, 1f, 0f)
+        drawQuad(
+            shader.blurPositionLoc, shader.blurTexCoordLoc,
+            fullscreenVertexBuffer, fullscreenTexCoordBuffer
         )
 
-        // Draw quad
-        GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
-
-        // Cleanup
-        GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(shader.aPositionLocation)
-        GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(shader.aTexCoordLocation)
+        // --- Pass 3: FBO-B → screen (vertical blur) ---
+        GLES20.glBindFramebuffer(GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
+        GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight)
+        GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
+        shader.useBlurPass(fboTexB, params, surfaceWidth, surfaceHeight, 0f, 1f)
+        drawQuad(
+            shader.blurPositionLoc, shader.blurTexCoordLoc,
+            fullscreenVertexBuffer, fullscreenTexCoordBuffer
+        )
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Updates blur parameters. Thread-safe.
-     */
     fun updateParameters(params: BlurParameters) {
         blurParameters = params
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Sets whether using front camera. Updates texture coordinates accordingly.
-     * Thread-safe - actual buffer update happens on next frame.
-     */
     fun setFrontCamera(front: Boolean) {
         if (isFrontCamera != front) {
             isFrontCamera = front
             currentTexCoords = if (front) texCoordsFront else texCoordsBack
-            // Buffer will be updated on next draw
             updateTexCoordBuffer = true
         }
     }
 
-    @Volatile
-    private var updateTexCoordBuffer = false
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the camera preview resolution for crop-to-fill aspect ratio correction.
-     * Thread-safe — vertex buffer is recomputed on the next frame.
-     */
     fun setCameraResolution(width: Int, height: Int) {
         if (cameraWidth != width || cameraHeight != height) {
             cameraWidth = width
@@ -204,45 +218,6 @@ class TiltShiftRenderer(
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Recomputes vertex positions to achieve crop-to-fill.
-     *
-     * The camera sensor is landscape; after the 90° rotation applied via texture coordinates,
-     * the effective portrait dimensions are (cameraHeight × cameraWidth). We scale the vertex
-     * quad so the camera frame fills the screen without stretching — the GPU clips the overflow.
-     */
-    private fun recomputeVertices() {
-        var scaleX = 1f
-        var scaleY = 1f
-
-        if (cameraWidth > 0 && cameraHeight > 0 && surfaceWidth > 0 && surfaceHeight > 0) {
-            // After 90° rotation: portrait width = cameraHeight, portrait height = cameraWidth
-            val cameraRatio = cameraHeight.toFloat() / cameraWidth
-            val screenRatio = surfaceWidth.toFloat() / surfaceHeight
-
-            if (cameraRatio > screenRatio) {
-                // Camera wider than screen → crop sides
-                scaleX = cameraRatio / screenRatio
-            } else {
-                // Camera taller than screen → crop top/bottom
-                scaleY = screenRatio / cameraRatio
-            }
-        }
-
-        vertexBuffer.clear()
-        vertexBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(
-            -scaleX, -scaleY,
-             scaleX, -scaleY,
-            -scaleX,  scaleY,
-             scaleX,  scaleY
-        ))
-        vertexBuffer.position(0)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Releases OpenGL resources.
-     * Must be called from GL thread.
-     */
     fun release() {
         shader.release()
         surfaceTexture?.release()
@@ -252,5 +227,117 @@ class TiltShiftRenderer(
             GLES20.glDeleteTextures(1, intArrayOf(cameraTextureId), 0)
             cameraTextureId = 0
         }
+
+        deleteFBOs()
+    }
+
+    // --- Private helpers ---
+
+    private fun drawQuad(
+        positionLoc: Int,
+        texCoordLoc: Int,
+        vertices: FloatBuffer,
+        texCoords: FloatBuffer
+    ) {
+        GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionLoc)
+        GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(positionLoc, 2, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, vertices)
+
+        GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoordLoc)
+        GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(texCoordLoc, 2, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, texCoords)
+
+        GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
+
+        GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(positionLoc)
+        GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(texCoordLoc)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recomputes camera vertex positions to achieve crop-to-fill.
+     *
+     * The camera sensor is landscape; after the 90° rotation applied via texture coordinates,
+     * the effective portrait dimensions are (cameraHeight × cameraWidth). We scale the vertex
+     * quad so the camera frame fills the surface without stretching — the GPU clips the overflow.
+     */
+    private fun recomputeVertices() {
+        var scaleX = 1f
+        var scaleY = 1f
+
+        if (cameraWidth > 0 && cameraHeight > 0 && surfaceWidth > 0 && surfaceHeight > 0) {
+            val cameraRatio = cameraHeight.toFloat() / cameraWidth
+            val screenRatio = surfaceWidth.toFloat() / surfaceHeight
+
+            if (cameraRatio > screenRatio) {
+                scaleX = cameraRatio / screenRatio
+            } else {
+                scaleY = screenRatio / cameraRatio
+            }
+        }
+
+        cameraVertexBuffer.clear()
+        cameraVertexBuffer.put(floatArrayOf(
+            -scaleX, -scaleY,
+             scaleX, -scaleY,
+            -scaleX,  scaleY,
+             scaleX,  scaleY
+        ))
+        cameraVertexBuffer.position(0)
+    }
+
+    private fun recreateFBOs(width: Int, height: Int) {
+        deleteFBOs()
+
+        // Create two color textures for ping-pong
+        val texIds = IntArray(2)
+        GLES20.glGenTextures(2, texIds, 0)
+        fboTexA = texIds[0]
+        fboTexB = texIds[1]
+
+        for (texId in texIds) {
+            GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId)
+            GLES20.glTexParameteri(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR)
+            GLES20.glTexParameteri(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GLES20.GL_LINEAR)
+            GLES20.glTexParameteri(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GLES20.GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
+            GLES20.glTexParameteri(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GLES20.GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
+            GLES20.glTexImage2D(
+                GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GLES20.GL_RGBA,
+                width, height, 0,
+                GLES20.GL_RGBA, GLES20.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, null
+            )
+        }
+
+        // Create single FBO (we swap the attached texture for ping-pong)
+        val fbos = IntArray(1)
+        GLES20.glGenFramebuffers(1, fbos, 0)
+        fboId = fbos[0]
+
+        // Verify with texture A
+        GLES20.glBindFramebuffer(GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fboId)
+        GLES20.glFramebufferTexture2D(
+            GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GLES20.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+            GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTexA, 0
+        )
+        val status = GLES20.glCheckFramebufferStatus(GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        if (status != GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "FBO incomplete: $status")
+        }
+        GLES20.glBindFramebuffer(GLES20.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
+    }
+
+    private fun deleteFBOs() {
+        if (fboId != 0) {
+            GLES20.glDeleteFramebuffers(1, intArrayOf(fboId), 0)
+            fboId = 0
+        }
+        if (fboTexA != 0 || fboTexB != 0) {
+            GLES20.glDeleteTextures(2, intArrayOf(fboTexA, fboTexB), 0)
+            fboTexA = 0
+            fboTexB = 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun allocateFloatBuffer(floatCount: Int): FloatBuffer {
+        return ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(floatCount * 4)
+            .order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())
+            .asFloatBuffer()
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftShader.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftShader.kt
index 2c3a7d5..cdafd8f 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftShader.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/TiltShiftShader.kt
@@ -4,57 +4,167 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.opengl.GLES11Ext
 import android.opengl.GLES20
 import no.naiv.tiltshift.R
-import kotlin.math.cos
-import kotlin.math.sin
 import java.io.BufferedReader
 import java.io.InputStreamReader
+import kotlin.math.cos
+import kotlin.math.sin
 
 /**
- * Manages OpenGL shader programs for the tilt-shift effect.
+ * Manages OpenGL shader programs for the two-pass tilt-shift effect.
+ *
+ * Two programs:
+ * - **Passthrough**: copies camera texture (external OES) to an FBO, handling the
+ *   coordinate transform via vertex/texcoord setup.
+ * - **Blur**: applies a directional Gaussian blur with tilt-shift mask.
+ *   Used twice per frame (horizontal then vertical) via the [uBlurDirection] uniform.
  */
 class TiltShiftShader(private val context: Context) {
 
-    var programId: Int = 0
-        private set
+    // --- Passthrough program (camera → FBO) ---
 
-    // Attribute locations
-    var aPositionLocation: Int = 0
-        private set
-    var aTexCoordLocation: Int = 0
-        private set
+    private var passthroughProgramId: Int = 0
 
-    // Uniform locations
-    private var uTextureLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uModeLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uIsFrontCameraLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uAngleLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uPositionXLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uPositionYLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uSizeLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uBlurAmountLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uFalloffLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uAspectRatioLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uResolutionLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uCosAngleLocation: Int = 0
-    private var uSinAngleLocation: Int = 0
+    var passthroughPositionLoc: Int = 0
+        private set
+    var passthroughTexCoordLoc: Int = 0
+        private set
+    private var passthroughTextureLoc: Int = 0
+
+    // --- Blur program (FBO → FBO/screen) ---
+
+    private var blurProgramId: Int = 0
+
+    var blurPositionLoc: Int = 0
+        private set
+    var blurTexCoordLoc: Int = 0
+        private set
+    private var blurTextureLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurModeLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurPositionXLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurPositionYLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurSizeLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurAmountLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurFalloffLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurAspectRatioLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurResolutionLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurCosAngleLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurSinAngleLoc: Int = 0
+    private var blurDirectionLoc: Int = 0
 
     /**
-     * Compiles and links the shader program.
+     * Compiles and links both shader programs.
      * Must be called from GL thread.
      */
     fun initialize() {
         val vertexSource = loadShaderSource(R.raw.tiltshift_vertex)
-        val fragmentSource = loadShaderSource(R.raw.tiltshift_fragment)
-
         val vertexShader = compileShader(GLES20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource)
-        val fragmentShader = compileShader(GLES20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentSource)
 
-        programId = GLES20.glCreateProgram()
+        // Passthrough program
+        val passthroughFragSource = loadShaderSource(R.raw.tiltshift_passthrough_fragment)
+        val passthroughFragShader = compileShader(GLES20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, passthroughFragSource)
+        passthroughProgramId = linkProgram(vertexShader, passthroughFragShader)
+        GLES20.glDeleteShader(passthroughFragShader)
+
+        passthroughPositionLoc = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(passthroughProgramId, "aPosition")
+        passthroughTexCoordLoc = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(passthroughProgramId, "aTexCoord")
+        passthroughTextureLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(passthroughProgramId, "uTexture")
+
+        // Blur program
+        val blurFragSource = loadShaderSource(R.raw.tiltshift_fragment)
+        val blurFragShader = compileShader(GLES20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, blurFragSource)
+        blurProgramId = linkProgram(vertexShader, blurFragShader)
+        GLES20.glDeleteShader(blurFragShader)
+
+        blurPositionLoc = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(blurProgramId, "aPosition")
+        blurTexCoordLoc = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(blurProgramId, "aTexCoord")
+        blurTextureLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uTexture")
+        blurModeLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uMode")
+        blurPositionXLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uPositionX")
+        blurPositionYLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uPositionY")
+        blurSizeLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uSize")
+        blurAmountLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uBlurAmount")
+        blurFalloffLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uFalloff")
+        blurAspectRatioLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uAspectRatio")
+        blurResolutionLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uResolution")
+        blurCosAngleLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uCosAngle")
+        blurSinAngleLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uSinAngle")
+        blurDirectionLoc = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(blurProgramId, "uBlurDirection")
+
+        // Vertex shader is linked into both programs and can be freed
+        GLES20.glDeleteShader(vertexShader)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Activates the passthrough program and binds the camera texture.
+     */
+    fun usePassthrough(cameraTextureId: Int) {
+        GLES20.glUseProgram(passthroughProgramId)
+        GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0)
+        GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES11Ext.GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, cameraTextureId)
+        GLES20.glUniform1i(passthroughTextureLoc, 0)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Activates the blur program and sets all uniforms for one blur pass.
+     *
+     * @param fboTextureId The FBO color attachment to sample from.
+     * @param params       Current blur parameters.
+     * @param width        Surface width in pixels.
+     * @param height       Surface height in pixels.
+     * @param dirX         Blur direction X component (1 for horizontal pass, 0 for vertical).
+     * @param dirY         Blur direction Y component (0 for horizontal pass, 1 for vertical).
+     */
+    fun useBlurPass(
+        fboTextureId: Int,
+        params: BlurParameters,
+        width: Int,
+        height: Int,
+        dirX: Float,
+        dirY: Float
+    ) {
+        GLES20.glUseProgram(blurProgramId)
+
+        GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0)
+        GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, fboTextureId)
+        GLES20.glUniform1i(blurTextureLoc, 0)
+
+        GLES20.glUniform1i(blurModeLoc, if (params.mode == BlurMode.RADIAL) 1 else 0)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurPositionXLoc, params.positionX)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurPositionYLoc, params.positionY)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurSizeLoc, params.size)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurAmountLoc, params.blurAmount)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurFalloffLoc, params.falloff)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurAspectRatioLoc, params.aspectRatio)
+        GLES20.glUniform2f(blurResolutionLoc, width.toFloat(), height.toFloat())
+
+        // Raw screen-space angle (no camera rotation adjustment needed — FBO is already
+        // in screen orientation after the passthrough pass)
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurCosAngleLoc, cos(params.angle))
+        GLES20.glUniform1f(blurSinAngleLoc, sin(params.angle))
+
+        GLES20.glUniform2f(blurDirectionLoc, dirX, dirY)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases both shader programs.
+     */
+    fun release() {
+        if (passthroughProgramId != 0) {
+            GLES20.glDeleteProgram(passthroughProgramId)
+            passthroughProgramId = 0
+        }
+        if (blurProgramId != 0) {
+            GLES20.glDeleteProgram(blurProgramId)
+            blurProgramId = 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun linkProgram(vertexShader: Int, fragmentShader: Int): Int {
+        val programId = GLES20.glCreateProgram()
         GLES20.glAttachShader(programId, vertexShader)
         GLES20.glAttachShader(programId, fragmentShader)
         GLES20.glLinkProgram(programId)
 
-        // Check for link errors
         val linkStatus = IntArray(1)
         GLES20.glGetProgramiv(programId, GLES20.GL_LINK_STATUS, linkStatus, 0)
         if (linkStatus[0] == 0) {
@@ -63,72 +173,7 @@ class TiltShiftShader(private val context: Context) {
             throw RuntimeException("Shader program link failed: $error")
         }
 
-        // Get attribute locations
-        aPositionLocation = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(programId, "aPosition")
-        aTexCoordLocation = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(programId, "aTexCoord")
-
-        // Get uniform locations
-        uTextureLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uTexture")
-        uModeLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uMode")
-        uIsFrontCameraLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uIsFrontCamera")
-        uAngleLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uAngle")
-        uPositionXLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uPositionX")
-        uPositionYLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uPositionY")
-        uSizeLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uSize")
-        uBlurAmountLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uBlurAmount")
-        uFalloffLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uFalloff")
-        uAspectRatioLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uAspectRatio")
-        uResolutionLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uResolution")
-        uCosAngleLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uCosAngle")
-        uSinAngleLocation = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(programId, "uSinAngle")
-
-        // Clean up shaders (they're linked into program now)
-        GLES20.glDeleteShader(vertexShader)
-        GLES20.glDeleteShader(fragmentShader)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Uses the shader program and sets uniforms.
-     */
-    fun use(textureId: Int, params: BlurParameters, width: Int, height: Int, isFrontCamera: Boolean = false) {
-        GLES20.glUseProgram(programId)
-
-        // Bind camera texture
-        GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0)
-        GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES11Ext.GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES, textureId)
-        GLES20.glUniform1i(uTextureLocation, 0)
-
-        // Set effect parameters
-        GLES20.glUniform1i(uModeLocation, if (params.mode == BlurMode.RADIAL) 1 else 0)
-        GLES20.glUniform1i(uIsFrontCameraLocation, if (isFrontCamera) 1 else 0)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uAngleLocation, params.angle)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uPositionXLocation, params.positionX)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uPositionYLocation, params.positionY)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uSizeLocation, params.size)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uBlurAmountLocation, params.blurAmount)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uFalloffLocation, params.falloff)
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uAspectRatioLocation, params.aspectRatio)
-        GLES20.glUniform2f(uResolutionLocation, width.toFloat(), height.toFloat())
-
-        // Precompute angle trig on CPU to avoid per-fragment transcendental calls.
-        // The adjusted angle accounts for the 90deg coordinate transform.
-        val adjustedAngle = if (isFrontCamera) {
-            -params.angle - (Math.PI / 2).toFloat()
-        } else {
-            params.angle + (Math.PI / 2).toFloat()
-        }
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uCosAngleLocation, cos(adjustedAngle))
-        GLES20.glUniform1f(uSinAngleLocation, sin(adjustedAngle))
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Releases shader resources.
-     */
-    fun release() {
-        if (programId != 0) {
-            GLES20.glDeleteProgram(programId)
-            programId = 0
-        }
+        return programId
     }
 
     private fun loadShaderSource(resourceId: Int): String {
@@ -142,7 +187,6 @@ class TiltShiftShader(private val context: Context) {
         GLES20.glShaderSource(shader, source)
         GLES20.glCompileShader(shader)
 
-        // Check for compile errors
         val compileStatus = IntArray(1)
         GLES20.glGetShaderiv(shader, GLES20.GL_COMPILE_STATUS, compileStatus, 0)
         if (compileStatus[0] == 0) {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/PhotoSaver.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/PhotoSaver.kt
index 8facb4c..7841f90 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/PhotoSaver.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/PhotoSaver.kt
@@ -17,18 +17,6 @@ import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
 import java.util.Locale
 
 
-/**
- * Result of a photo save operation.
- */
-sealed class SaveResult {
-    data class Success(
-        val uri: Uri,
-        val originalUri: Uri? = null,
-        val thumbnail: android.graphics.Bitmap? = null
-    ) : SaveResult()
-    data class Error(val message: String, val exception: Exception? = null) : SaveResult()
-}
-
 /**
  * Handles saving captured photos to the device gallery.
  */
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/SaveResult.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/SaveResult.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e5e700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/SaveResult.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package no.naiv.tiltshift.storage
+
+import android.graphics.Bitmap
+import android.net.Uri
+
+/**
+ * Result of a photo save operation.
+ */
+sealed class SaveResult {
+    data class Success(
+        val uri: Uri,
+        val originalUri: Uri? = null,
+        val thumbnail: Bitmap? = null
+    ) : SaveResult()
+    data class Error(val message: String, val exception: Exception? = null) : SaveResult()
+}
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/ui/TiltShiftOverlay.kt b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/ui/TiltShiftOverlay.kt
index d7e6e4a..c74c8d7 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/ui/TiltShiftOverlay.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/ui/TiltShiftOverlay.kt
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ private fun determineGestureType(
     return when {
         // Very center of focus zone -> rotation (small area)
         distFromCenter < focusSize * 0.3f -> GestureType.ROTATE
-        // Near the blur effect -> size adjustment (large area)
-        distFromCenter < focusSize * 2.0f -> GestureType.PINCH_SIZE
-        // Far outside -> camera zoom
+        // Near the blur boundary -> size adjustment
+        distFromCenter < focusSize * 1.3f -> GestureType.PINCH_SIZE
+        // Outside the effect -> camera zoom
         else -> GestureType.PINCH_ZOOM
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_fragment.glsl b/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_fragment.glsl
index f1618e4..0caa115 100644
--- a/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_fragment.glsl
+++ b/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_fragment.glsl
@@ -1,71 +1,58 @@
-#extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external : require
-
-// Fragment shader for tilt-shift effect
-// Supports both linear and radial blur modes
+// Fragment shader for tilt-shift blur pass (two-pass separable Gaussian)
+// Reads from a sampler2D (FBO texture already in screen orientation).
+// Used twice: once for horizontal blur, once for vertical blur.
 
 precision mediump float;
 
-// Camera texture (external texture for camera preview)
-uniform samplerExternalOES uTexture;
+uniform sampler2D uTexture;
 
 // Effect parameters
 uniform int uMode;              // 0 = linear, 1 = radial
-uniform int uIsFrontCamera;     // 0 = back camera, 1 = front camera
-uniform float uAngle;           // Rotation angle in radians
-uniform float uPositionX;       // Horizontal center of focus (0-1)
-uniform float uPositionY;       // Vertical center of focus (0-1)
+uniform float uPositionX;       // Horizontal center of focus (0-1, screen space)
+uniform float uPositionY;       // Vertical center of focus (0-1, screen space, 0 = top)
 uniform float uSize;            // Size of in-focus region (0-1)
 uniform float uBlurAmount;      // Maximum blur intensity (0-1)
 uniform float uFalloff;         // Transition sharpness (0-1, higher = more gradual)
 uniform float uAspectRatio;     // Ellipse aspect ratio for radial mode
-uniform vec2 uResolution;       // Texture resolution for proper sampling
+uniform vec2 uResolution;       // Surface resolution for proper sampling
 
-// Precomputed trig for the adjusted angle (avoids per-fragment cos/sin calls)
+// Precomputed trig for the raw screen-space angle
 uniform float uCosAngle;
 uniform float uSinAngle;
 
+// Blur direction: (1,0) for horizontal pass, (0,1) for vertical pass
+uniform vec2 uBlurDirection;
+
 varying vec2 vTexCoord;
 
-// Calculate signed distance from the focus region for LINEAR mode
-float linearFocusDistance(vec2 uv) {
-    // Center point of the focus region
-    // Transform from screen coordinates to texture coordinates
-    // Back camera: Screen (x,y) -> Texture (y, 1-x)
-    // Front camera: Screen (x,y) -> Texture (1-y, 1-x) (additional X flip for mirror)
-    vec2 center;
-    if (uIsFrontCamera == 1) {
-        center = vec2(1.0 - uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-    } else {
-        center = vec2(uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-    }
-    vec2 offset = uv - center;
+// Calculate distance from the focus region for LINEAR mode
+// Works in screen space: X right (0-1), Y down (0-1)
+// Distances are normalized to the Y axis (height) to match the overlay,
+// which defines focus size as a fraction of screen height.
+float linearFocusDistance(vec2 screenPos) {
+    vec2 center = vec2(uPositionX, uPositionY);
+    vec2 offset = screenPos - center;
 
-    // Correct for screen aspect ratio to make coordinate space square
+    // Scale X into the same physical units as Y (height-normalized)
     float screenAspect = uResolution.x / uResolution.y;
-    offset.y *= screenAspect;
+    offset.x *= screenAspect;
 
-    // Use precomputed cos/sin for the adjusted angle
+    // Perpendicular distance to the rotated focus line
     float rotatedY = -offset.x * uSinAngle + offset.y * uCosAngle;
 
     return abs(rotatedY);
 }
 
-// Calculate signed distance from the focus region for RADIAL mode
-float radialFocusDistance(vec2 uv) {
-    // Center point of the focus region
-    vec2 center;
-    if (uIsFrontCamera == 1) {
-        center = vec2(1.0 - uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-    } else {
-        center = vec2(uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-    }
-    vec2 offset = uv - center;
+// Calculate distance from the focus region for RADIAL mode
+float radialFocusDistance(vec2 screenPos) {
+    vec2 center = vec2(uPositionX, uPositionY);
+    vec2 offset = screenPos - center;
 
-    // Correct for screen aspect ratio
+    // Scale X into the same physical units as Y (height-normalized)
     float screenAspect = uResolution.x / uResolution.y;
-    offset.y *= screenAspect;
+    offset.x *= screenAspect;
 
-    // Use precomputed cos/sin for rotation
+    // Rotate offset
     vec2 rotated = vec2(
         offset.x * uCosAngle - offset.y * uSinAngle,
         offset.x * uSinAngle + offset.y * uCosAngle
@@ -74,83 +61,59 @@ float radialFocusDistance(vec2 uv) {
     // Apply ellipse aspect ratio
     rotated.x /= uAspectRatio;
 
-    // Distance from center (elliptical)
     return length(rotated);
 }
 
 // Calculate blur factor based on distance from focus
 float blurFactor(float dist) {
     float halfSize = uSize * 0.5;
-    // Falloff range scales with the falloff parameter
-    float transitionSize = halfSize * uFalloff;
+    float transitionSize = halfSize * uFalloff * 3.0;
 
     if (dist < halfSize) {
-        return 0.0;  // In focus region
+        return 0.0;
     }
 
-    // Smooth falloff using smoothstep
     float normalizedDist = (dist - halfSize) / max(transitionSize, 0.001);
     return smoothstep(0.0, 1.0, normalizedDist) * uBlurAmount;
 }
 
-// Sample with Gaussian blur (9-tap, sigma ~= 2.0, unrolled for GLSL ES 1.00 compatibility)
-vec4 sampleBlurred(vec2 uv, float blur) {
-    if (blur < 0.01) {
-        return texture2D(uTexture, uv);
-    }
-
-    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / uResolution;
-
-    // For radial mode, blur in radial direction from center
-    // For linear mode, blur perpendicular to focus line
-    vec2 blurDir;
-    if (uMode == 1) {
-        // Radial: blur away from center
-        vec2 center;
-        if (uIsFrontCamera == 1) {
-            center = vec2(1.0 - uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-        } else {
-            center = vec2(uPositionY, 1.0 - uPositionX);
-        }
-        vec2 toCenter = uv - center;
-        float len = length(toCenter);
-        if (len > 0.001) {
-            blurDir = toCenter / len;
-        } else {
-            blurDir = vec2(1.0, 0.0);
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Linear: blur perpendicular to focus line using precomputed trig
-        blurDir = vec2(uCosAngle, uSinAngle);
-    }
-
-    // Scale blur radius by blur amount
-    float radius = blur * 20.0;
-    vec2 step = blurDir * texelSize * radius;
-
-    // Unrolled 9-tap Gaussian blur (avoids integer-branched weight lookup)
-    vec4 color = vec4(0.0);
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step * -4.0) * 0.0162;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step * -3.0) * 0.0540;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step * -2.0) * 0.1216;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step * -1.0) * 0.1933;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv)                * 0.2258;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step *  1.0) * 0.1933;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step *  2.0) * 0.1216;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step *  3.0) * 0.0540;
-    color += texture2D(uTexture, uv + step *  4.0) * 0.0162;
-
-    return color;
-}
-
 void main() {
+    // Convert FBO texture coords to screen space (flip Y: GL bottom-up → screen top-down)
+    vec2 screenPos = vec2(vTexCoord.x, 1.0 - vTexCoord.y);
+
     float dist;
     if (uMode == 1) {
-        dist = radialFocusDistance(vTexCoord);
+        dist = radialFocusDistance(screenPos);
     } else {
-        dist = linearFocusDistance(vTexCoord);
+        dist = linearFocusDistance(screenPos);
     }
     float blur = blurFactor(dist);
 
-    gl_FragColor = sampleBlurred(vTexCoord, blur);
+    if (blur < 0.01) {
+        gl_FragColor = texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // 13-tap separable Gaussian (sigma ~= 2.5)
+    // Each pass blurs in one direction; combined gives a full 2D Gaussian.
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / uResolution;
+    float radius = blur * 20.0;
+    vec2 step = uBlurDirection * texelSize * radius;
+
+    vec4 color = vec4(0.0);
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -6.0) * 0.0090;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -5.0) * 0.0218;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -4.0) * 0.0448;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -3.0) * 0.0784;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -2.0) * 0.1169;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step * -1.0) * 0.1486;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord)               * 0.1610;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  1.0) * 0.1486;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  2.0) * 0.1169;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  3.0) * 0.0784;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  4.0) * 0.0448;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  5.0) * 0.0218;
+    color += texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord + step *  6.0) * 0.0090;
+
+    gl_FragColor = color;
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_passthrough_fragment.glsl b/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_passthrough_fragment.glsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d5edcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/main/res/raw/tiltshift_passthrough_fragment.glsl
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external : require
+
+// Passthrough fragment shader: copies camera texture to FBO
+// This separates the camera coordinate transform (handled by vertex/texcoord setup)
+// from the blur passes, which then work entirely in screen space.
+
+precision mediump float;
+
+uniform samplerExternalOES uTexture;
+
+varying vec2 vTexCoord;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_FragColor = texture2D(uTexture, vTexCoord);
+}
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/LensControllerTest.kt b/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/LensControllerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a5ec20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/LensControllerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package no.naiv.tiltshift.camera
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class LensControllerTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun `getCurrentLens returns null before initialization`() {
+        val controller = LensController()
+        assertNull(controller.getCurrentLens())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `getAvailableLenses returns empty before initialization`() {
+        val controller = LensController()
+        assertTrue(controller.getAvailableLenses().isEmpty())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `selectLens returns false for unknown lens`() {
+        val controller = LensController()
+        assertFalse(controller.selectLens("nonexistent"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `cycleToNextLens returns null when no lenses`() {
+        val controller = LensController()
+        assertNull(controller.cycleToNextLens())
+    }
+
+    // Note: initialize() requires CameraInfo instances which need Android framework.
+    // Integration tests with Robolectric or on-device tests would cover that path.
+}
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/BlurParametersTest.kt b/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/BlurParametersTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d133f09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/effect/BlurParametersTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package no.naiv.tiltshift.effect
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import kotlin.math.PI
+
+class BlurParametersTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun `DEFAULT has expected values`() {
+        val default = BlurParameters.DEFAULT
+        assertEquals(BlurMode.LINEAR, default.mode)
+        assertEquals(0f, default.angle, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.5f, default.positionX, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.5f, default.positionY, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.3f, default.size, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.8f, default.blurAmount, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.5f, default.falloff, 0f)
+        assertEquals(1.0f, default.aspectRatio, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withSize ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withSize clamps below minimum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withSize(0.01f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MIN_SIZE, params.size, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withSize clamps above maximum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withSize(5.0f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MAX_SIZE, params.size, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withSize accepts value in range`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withSize(0.5f)
+        assertEquals(0.5f, params.size, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withBlurAmount ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withBlurAmount clamps below minimum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withBlurAmount(-1f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MIN_BLUR, params.blurAmount, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withBlurAmount clamps above maximum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withBlurAmount(2f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MAX_BLUR, params.blurAmount, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withFalloff ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withFalloff clamps below minimum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withFalloff(0f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MIN_FALLOFF, params.falloff, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withFalloff clamps above maximum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withFalloff(5f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MAX_FALLOFF, params.falloff, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withAspectRatio ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withAspectRatio clamps below minimum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withAspectRatio(0.1f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MIN_ASPECT, params.aspectRatio, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withAspectRatio clamps above maximum`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withAspectRatio(10f)
+        assertEquals(BlurParameters.MAX_ASPECT, params.aspectRatio, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withPosition ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withPosition clamps to 0-1 range`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withPosition(-0.5f, 1.5f)
+        assertEquals(0f, params.positionX, 0f)
+        assertEquals(1f, params.positionY, 0f)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withPosition accepts values in range`() {
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withPosition(0.3f, 0.7f)
+        assertEquals(0.3f, params.positionX, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.7f, params.positionY, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- withAngle ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `withAngle sets arbitrary angle`() {
+        val angle = PI.toFloat() / 4
+        val params = BlurParameters.DEFAULT.withAngle(angle)
+        assertEquals(angle, params.angle, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- copy preserves other fields ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `with methods preserve other fields`() {
+        val custom = BlurParameters(
+            mode = BlurMode.RADIAL,
+            angle = 1.5f,
+            positionX = 0.2f,
+            positionY = 0.8f,
+            size = 0.4f,
+            blurAmount = 0.6f,
+            falloff = 0.7f,
+            aspectRatio = 2.0f
+        )
+
+        val updated = custom.withSize(0.5f)
+        assertEquals(BlurMode.RADIAL, updated.mode)
+        assertEquals(1.5f, updated.angle, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.2f, updated.positionX, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.8f, updated.positionY, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.5f, updated.size, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.6f, updated.blurAmount, 0f)
+        assertEquals(0.7f, updated.falloff, 0f)
+        assertEquals(2.0f, updated.aspectRatio, 0f)
+    }
+
+    // --- data class equality ---
+
+    @Test
+    fun `data class equality works`() {
+        val a = BlurParameters(mode = BlurMode.LINEAR, size = 0.5f)
+        val b = BlurParameters(mode = BlurMode.LINEAR, size = 0.5f)
+        assertEquals(a, b)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `different params are not equal`() {
+        val a = BlurParameters(mode = BlurMode.LINEAR)
+        val b = BlurParameters(mode = BlurMode.RADIAL)
+        assertNotEquals(a, b)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gradle/libs.versions.toml b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
index 37e1882..c0b8626 100644
--- a/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ lifecycleRuntimeKtx = "2.8.7"
 activityCompose = "1.9.3"
 composeBom = "2024.12.01"
 camerax = "1.4.1"
-accompanist = "0.36.0"
 exifinterface = "1.3.7"
 playServicesLocation = "21.3.0"
+junit = "4.13.2"
 
 [libraries]
 androidx-core-ktx = { group = "androidx.core", name = "core-ktx", version.ref = "coreKtx" }
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ androidx-exifinterface = { group = "androidx.exifinterface", name = "exifinterfa
 # Location
 play-services-location = { group = "com.google.android.gms", name = "play-services-location", version.ref = "playServicesLocation" }
 
-# Accompanist for permissions
-accompanist-permissions = { group = "com.google.accompanist", name = "accompanist-permissions", version.ref = "accompanist" }
+# Test
+junit = { group = "junit", name = "junit", version.ref = "junit" }
 
 [plugins]
 android-application = { id = "com.android.application", version.ref = "agp" }
diff --git a/version.properties b/version.properties
index a074999..1046899 100644
--- a/version.properties
+++ b/version.properties
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 versionMajor=1
 versionMinor=1
-versionPatch=1
-versionCode=3
+versionPatch=3
+versionCode=5