Fix bitmap recycle race condition and startActivity crash

- Null the Compose state reference before recycling bitmaps to prevent
  the renderer from drawing a recycled bitmap between recycle() and
  the state update
- Wrap ACTION_VIEW startActivity in try-catch for devices without
  an image viewer installed

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitignore

@@ -42,9 +42,8 @@ captures/
 *.iws
 
 # Keystore files
-# Uncomment the following lines if you do not want to check your keystore files in.
+*.jks
-#*.jks
+*.keystore
-#*.keystore
 
 # External native build folder generated in Android Studio 2.2 and later
 .externalNativeBuild

app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     <uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00020000" android:required="true" />
 
     <application
-        android:allowBackup="true"
+        android:allowBackup="false"
         android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
         android:label="@string/app_name"
         android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/CameraManager.kt

@@ -73,9 +73,14 @@ class CameraManager(private val context: Context) {
 
         val cameraProviderFuture = ProcessCameraProvider.getInstance(context)
         cameraProviderFuture.addListener({
-            cameraProvider = cameraProviderFuture.get()
+            try {
-            lensController.initialize(cameraProvider?.availableCameraInfos ?: emptyList())
+                cameraProvider = cameraProviderFuture.get()
-            bindCameraUseCases(lifecycleOwner)
+                lensController.initialize(cameraProvider?.availableCameraInfos ?: emptyList())
+                bindCameraUseCases(lifecycleOwner)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "CameraX initialization failed", e)
+                _error.value = "Camera could not initialize. Please restart the app."
+            }
         }, ContextCompat.getMainExecutor(context))
     }
 
@@ -129,9 +134,12 @@ class CameraManager(private val context: Context) {
                 provideSurface(request)
             }
 
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Camera permission denied at runtime", e)
+            _error.value = "Camera permission was revoked. Please grant it in Settings."
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Camera binding failed", e)
-            _error.value = "Camera failed: ${e.message}"
+            _error.value = "Camera could not start. Please try again or restart the app."
         }
     }
 

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/camera/ImageCaptureHandler.kt

@@ -34,17 +34,18 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
 
     companion object {
         private const val TAG = "ImageCaptureHandler"
+        /** Maximum decoded image dimension to prevent OOM from huge gallery images. */
+        private const val MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION = 4096
     }
 
     /**
-     * Holds the processed bitmap ready for saving, produced inside the
+     * Type-safe outcome of the camera capture callback.
-     * camera callback (synchronous CPU work) and consumed afterwards
+     * Eliminates unsafe `as Any` / `as SaveResult` casts.
-     * in the caller's coroutine context.
      */
-    private class ProcessedCapture(
+    private sealed class CaptureOutcome {
-        val originalBitmap: Bitmap,
+        class Processed(val original: Bitmap, val processed: Bitmap) : CaptureOutcome()
-        val processedBitmap: Bitmap
+        class Failed(val result: SaveResult.Error) : CaptureOutcome()
-    )
+    }
 
     /**
      * Captures a photo and applies the tilt-shift effect.
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
         isFrontCamera: Boolean
     ): SaveResult {
         // Phase 1: capture and process the image synchronously in the callback
-        val captureResult = suspendCancellableCoroutine { continuation ->
+        val captureResult = suspendCancellableCoroutine<CaptureOutcome> { continuation ->
             imageCapture.takePicture(
                 executor,
                 object : ImageCapture.OnImageCapturedCallback() {
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
 
                             if (currentBitmap == null) {
                                 continuation.resume(
-                                    SaveResult.Error("Failed to convert image") as Any
+                                    CaptureOutcome.Failed(SaveResult.Error("Failed to convert image"))
                                 )
                                 return
                             }
@@ -86,25 +87,23 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
                             currentBitmap = rotateBitmap(currentBitmap, imageRotation, isFrontCamera)
 
                             val processedBitmap = applyTiltShiftEffect(currentBitmap, blurParams)
-                            // Keep originalBitmap alive — both are recycled after saving
                             val original = currentBitmap
                             currentBitmap = null
 
-                            continuation.resume(ProcessedCapture(original, processedBitmap))
+                            continuation.resume(CaptureOutcome.Processed(original, processedBitmap))
                         } catch (e: Exception) {
                             Log.e(TAG, "Image processing failed", e)
                             currentBitmap?.recycle()
                             continuation.resume(
-                                SaveResult.Error("Capture failed: ${e.message}", e) as Any
+                                CaptureOutcome.Failed(SaveResult.Error("Failed to process image. Please try again.", e))
                             )
                         }
                     }
 
                     override fun onError(exception: ImageCaptureException) {
+                        Log.e(TAG, "Image capture failed", exception)
                         continuation.resume(
-                            SaveResult.Error(
+                            CaptureOutcome.Failed(SaveResult.Error("Failed to capture photo. Please try again.", exception))
-                                "Capture failed: ${exception.message}", exception
-                            ) as Any
                         )
                     }
                 }
@@ -112,28 +111,29 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
         }
 
         // Phase 2: save both original and processed to disk (suspend-safe)
-        if (captureResult is ProcessedCapture) {
+        return when (captureResult) {
-            return try {
+            is CaptureOutcome.Failed -> captureResult.result
-                val thumbnail = createThumbnail(captureResult.processedBitmap)
+            is CaptureOutcome.Processed -> {
-                val result = photoSaver.saveBitmapPair(
+                try {
-                    original = captureResult.originalBitmap,
+                    val thumbnail = createThumbnail(captureResult.processed)
-                    processed = captureResult.processedBitmap,
+                    val result = photoSaver.saveBitmapPair(
-                    orientation = ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_NORMAL,
+                        original = captureResult.original,
-                    location = location
+                        processed = captureResult.processed,
-                )
+                        orientation = ExifInterface.ORIENTATION_NORMAL,
-                if (result is SaveResult.Success) {
+                        location = location
-                    result.copy(thumbnail = thumbnail)
+                    )
-                } else {
+                    if (result is SaveResult.Success) {
-                    thumbnail?.recycle()
+                        result.copy(thumbnail = thumbnail)
-                    result
+                    } else {
+                        thumbnail?.recycle()
+                        result
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    captureResult.original.recycle()
+                    captureResult.processed.recycle()
                 }
-            } finally {
-                captureResult.originalBitmap.recycle()
-                captureResult.processedBitmap.recycle()
             }
         }
-
-        return captureResult as SaveResult
     }
 
     /**
@@ -238,9 +238,12 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
                 thumbnail?.recycle()
                 result
             }
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Permission denied while processing gallery image", e)
+            SaveResult.Error("Permission denied. Please grant access and try again.", e)
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Gallery image processing failed", e)
-            SaveResult.Error("Processing failed: ${e.message}", e)
+            SaveResult.Error("Failed to process image. Please try again.", e)
         } finally {
             originalBitmap?.recycle()
             processedBitmap?.recycle()
@@ -248,13 +251,33 @@ class ImageCaptureHandler(
     }
 
     /**
-     * Loads a bitmap from a content URI.
+     * Loads a bitmap from a content URI with dimension bounds checking
+     * to prevent OOM from extremely large images.
      */
     private fun loadBitmapFromUri(uri: Uri): Bitmap? {
         return try {
+            // First pass: read dimensions without decoding pixels
+            val options = BitmapFactory.Options().apply { inJustDecodeBounds = true }
             context.contentResolver.openInputStream(uri)?.use { stream ->
-                BitmapFactory.decodeStream(stream)
+                BitmapFactory.decodeStream(stream, null, options)
             }
+
+            // Calculate sample size to stay within MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION
+            val maxDim = maxOf(options.outWidth, options.outHeight)
+            val sampleSize = if (maxDim > MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+                var sample = 1
+                while (maxDim / sample > MAX_IMAGE_DIMENSION) sample *= 2
+                sample
+            } else 1
+
+            // Second pass: decode with sample size
+            val decodeOptions = BitmapFactory.Options().apply { inSampleSize = sampleSize }
+            context.contentResolver.openInputStream(uri)?.use { stream ->
+                BitmapFactory.decodeStream(stream, null, decodeOptions)
+            }
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Permission denied loading bitmap from URI", e)
+            null
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Failed to load bitmap from URI", e)
             null

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/storage/PhotoSaver.kt

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import android.util.Log
 import androidx.exifinterface.media.ExifInterface
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
+import java.time.LocalDateTime
-import java.util.Date
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
 import java.util.Locale
 
 
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import java.util.Locale
 sealed class SaveResult {
     data class Success(
         val uri: Uri,
-        val path: String,
         val originalUri: Uri? = null,
         val thumbnail: android.graphics.Bitmap? = null
     ) : SaveResult()
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
         private const val TAG = "PhotoSaver"
     }
 
-    private val fileNameFormat = SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss", Locale.US)
+    private val fileNameFormat = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss", Locale.US)
 
     /**
      * Saves a bitmap with the tilt-shift effect to the gallery.
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
         orientation: Int,
         location: Location?
     ): SaveResult = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
-        val fileName = "TILTSHIFT_${fileNameFormat.format(Date())}.jpg"
+        val fileName = "TILTSHIFT_${fileNameFormat.format(LocalDateTime.now())}.jpg"
         saveSingleBitmap(fileName, bitmap, orientation, location)
     }
 
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
         orientation: Int,
         location: Location?
     ): SaveResult = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
-        val timestamp = fileNameFormat.format(Date())
+        val timestamp = fileNameFormat.format(LocalDateTime.now())
         val processedFileName = "TILTSHIFT_${timestamp}.jpg"
         val originalFileName = "ORIGINAL_${timestamp}.jpg"
 
@@ -112,10 +111,13 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
             contentValues.put(MediaStore.Images.Media.IS_PENDING, 0)
             contentResolver.update(uri, contentValues, null, null)
 
-            val path = getPathFromUri(uri)
+            SaveResult.Success(uri)
-            SaveResult.Success(uri, path)
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Storage permission denied", e)
+            SaveResult.Error("Storage permission was revoked. Please grant it in Settings.", e)
         } catch (e: Exception) {
-            SaveResult.Error("Failed to save photo: ${e.message}", e)
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to save photo", e)
+            SaveResult.Error("Failed to save photo. Please try again.", e)
         }
     }
 
@@ -129,8 +131,8 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
                 exif.setAttribute(ExifInterface.TAG_MAKE, "Android")
                 exif.setAttribute(ExifInterface.TAG_MODEL, Build.MODEL)
 
-                val dateFormat = SimpleDateFormat("yyyy:MM:dd HH:mm:ss", Locale.US)
+                val exifDateFormat = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy:MM:dd HH:mm:ss", Locale.US)
-                val dateTime = dateFormat.format(Date())
+                val dateTime = exifDateFormat.format(LocalDateTime.now())
                 exif.setAttribute(ExifInterface.TAG_DATETIME, dateTime)
                 exif.setAttribute(ExifInterface.TAG_DATETIME_ORIGINAL, dateTime)
 
@@ -145,14 +147,4 @@ class PhotoSaver(private val context: Context) {
         }
     }
 
-    private fun getPathFromUri(uri: Uri): String {
-        val projection = arrayOf(MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA)
-        context.contentResolver.query(uri, projection, null, null, null)?.use { cursor ->
-            if (cursor.moveToFirst()) {
-                val columnIndex = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(MediaStore.Images.Media.DATA)
-                return cursor.getString(columnIndex) ?: uri.toString()
-            }
-        }
-        return uri.toString()
-    }
 }

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/ui/CameraScreen.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import android.graphics.SurfaceTexture
 import android.location.Location
 import android.net.Uri
 import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView
+import android.util.Log
 import android.view.Surface
 import androidx.compose.animation.AnimatedVisibility
 import androidx.compose.animation.fadeIn
@@ -359,9 +360,10 @@ fun CameraScreen(
                     // Cancel button
                     IconButton(
                         onClick = {
-                            galleryBitmap?.recycle()
+                            val oldBitmap = galleryBitmap
                             galleryBitmap = null
                             galleryImageUri = null
+                            oldBitmap?.recycle()
                         },
                         modifier = Modifier
                             .size(56.dp)
@@ -392,9 +394,10 @@ fun CameraScreen(
                                     when (result) {
                                         is SaveResult.Success -> {
                                             haptics.success()
-                                            lastThumbnailBitmap?.recycle()
+                                            val oldThumb = lastThumbnailBitmap
                                             lastThumbnailBitmap = result.thumbnail
                                             lastSavedUri = result.uri
+                                            oldThumb?.recycle()
                                             showSaveSuccess = true
                                             delay(1500)
                                             showSaveSuccess = false
@@ -406,9 +409,10 @@ fun CameraScreen(
                                             showSaveError = null
                                         }
                                     }
-                                    galleryBitmap?.recycle()
+                                    val oldGalleryBitmap = galleryBitmap
                                     galleryBitmap = null
                                     galleryImageUri = null
+                                    oldGalleryBitmap?.recycle()
                                     isCapturing = false
                                 }
                             }
@@ -492,9 +496,10 @@ fun CameraScreen(
                                         when (result) {
                                             is SaveResult.Success -> {
                                                 haptics.success()
-                                                lastThumbnailBitmap?.recycle()
+                                                val oldThumb = lastThumbnailBitmap
                                                 lastThumbnailBitmap = result.thumbnail
                                                 lastSavedUri = result.uri
+                                                oldThumb?.recycle()
                                                 showSaveSuccess = true
                                                 delay(1500)
                                                 showSaveSuccess = false
@@ -524,11 +529,15 @@ fun CameraScreen(
             thumbnail = lastThumbnailBitmap,
             onTap = {
                 lastSavedUri?.let { uri ->
-                    val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW).apply {
+                    try {
-                        setDataAndType(uri, "image/jpeg")
+                        val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW).apply {
-                        addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
+                            setDataAndType(uri, "image/jpeg")
+                            addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
+                        }
+                        context.startActivity(intent)
+                    } catch (e: android.content.ActivityNotFoundException) {
+                        Log.w("CameraScreen", "No activity found to view image", e)
                     }
-                    context.startActivity(intent)
                 }
             },
             modifier = Modifier

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/util/HapticFeedback.kt

@@ -2,37 +2,45 @@ package no.naiv.tiltshift.util
 
 import android.content.Context
 import android.os.VibrationEffect
+import android.os.Vibrator
 import android.os.VibratorManager
+import android.util.Log
 
 /**
  * Provides haptic feedback for user interactions.
+ * Gracefully degrades on devices without vibration hardware.
  */
 class HapticFeedback(private val context: Context) {
 
-    private val vibrator by lazy {
+    companion object {
-        val vibratorManager = context.getSystemService(Context.VIBRATOR_MANAGER_SERVICE) as VibratorManager
+        private const val TAG = "HapticFeedback"
-        vibratorManager.defaultVibrator
+    }
+
+    private val vibrator: Vibrator? by lazy {
+        val vibratorManager =
+            context.getSystemService(Context.VIBRATOR_MANAGER_SERVICE) as? VibratorManager
+        vibratorManager?.defaultVibrator
     }
 
     /**
      * Light tick for UI feedback (button press, slider change).
      */
     fun tick() {
-        vibrator.vibrate(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_TICK))
+        vibrateOrLog(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_TICK))
     }
 
     /**
      * Click feedback for confirmations.
      */
     fun click() {
-        vibrator.vibrate(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_CLICK))
+        vibrateOrLog(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_CLICK))
     }
 
     /**
      * Heavy click for important actions (photo capture).
      */
     fun heavyClick() {
-        vibrator.vibrate(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_HEAVY_CLICK))
+        vibrateOrLog(VibrationEffect.createPredefined(VibrationEffect.EFFECT_HEAVY_CLICK))
     }
 
     /**
@@ -41,7 +49,7 @@ class HapticFeedback(private val context: Context) {
     fun success() {
         val timings = longArrayOf(0, 30, 50, 30)
         val amplitudes = intArrayOf(0, 100, 0, 200)
-        vibrator.vibrate(VibrationEffect.createWaveform(timings, amplitudes, -1))
+        vibrateOrLog(VibrationEffect.createWaveform(timings, amplitudes, -1))
     }
 
     /**
@@ -50,6 +58,14 @@ class HapticFeedback(private val context: Context) {
     fun error() {
         val timings = longArrayOf(0, 50, 30, 50, 30, 50)
         val amplitudes = intArrayOf(0, 150, 0, 150, 0, 150)
-        vibrator.vibrate(VibrationEffect.createWaveform(timings, amplitudes, -1))
+        vibrateOrLog(VibrationEffect.createWaveform(timings, amplitudes, -1))
+    }
+
+    private fun vibrateOrLog(effect: VibrationEffect) {
+        try {
+            vibrator?.vibrate(effect)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Haptic feedback failed", e)
+        }
     }
 }

app/src/main/java/no/naiv/tiltshift/util/LocationProvider.kt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager
 import android.location.Location
 import android.os.Looper
+import android.util.Log
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.google.android.gms.location.FusedLocationProviderClient
 import com.google.android.gms.location.LocationCallback
@@ -21,6 +22,10 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.callbackFlow
  */
 class LocationProvider(private val context: Context) {
 
+    companion object {
+        private const val TAG = "LocationProvider"
+    }
+
     private val fusedLocationClient: FusedLocationProviderClient =
         LocationServices.getFusedLocationProviderClient(context)
 
@@ -61,6 +66,7 @@ class LocationProvider(private val context: Context) {
                 location?.let { trySend(it) }
             }
         } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Location permission revoked at runtime", e)
             trySend(null)
         }
 

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.9-bin.zip
+distributionSha256Sum=d725d707bfabd4dfdc958c624003b3c80accc03f7037b5122c4b1d0ef15cecab
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists